Вопросы от теста, для просмотра ответов, перейдите по ссылке ниже вопроса
You live in the suburbs. You prefer the city center. You say: ” I wish I _______ to the city center.”
Выберите один ответ:
a. must move
b. must have moved
c. could move
d. could have moved
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What _____ at 10 o’clock last night?
Выберите один ответ:
a. have you done
b. have you been doing
c. were you doing
d. had you done
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
If I _______ you, I’d go home.
Выберите один ответ:
a. am
b. were
c. will be
d. would be
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text about judicial profession in England and answer the questions to the text:
In England there are two classes of lawyers: Solicitors and Barristers. Solicitors are lawyers who took legal business for ordinary people. Their business is to give advice to non-professional clients and to prepare all the necessary documents for the barrister. It’s the barrister who conducts the case in the higher courts. Barristers can be distinguished from a solicitor because they wear a wig and gown in court. A barrister has some educational standards. A barrister must pass the special legal exams and become a member of a legal corporation called “Inn of Court”. There are four Inns of Court. Barristers are either “juniors” or “King’s (Queen’s)”. When a barrister becomes Q.C. he ‘takes silk”. It means that he can wear a silk gown. Participating in a trial, a barrister may be counsel for the plaintiff (counsel for the prosecution) or counsel for the defendant (counsel for the defence). All serious crimes are tried in a superior court before a jury. Most men and women between the ages of 21 and 60 can be jurors. According to English Law the jury is to return only one of two verdicts – Guilty or Not Guilty. The judges are not elected in England as they do it in Russia. The judges are appointed from the barrister. The judge’s function are to conduct the proceedings, put questions to parties and witnesses, examine the documents and evidence and to pass the sentence.
What’s the basic difference between a Solicitor and a Barrister?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. a barrister mainly defends people in court and a solicitor mainly performs legal work outside court
b. they are the same but a solicitor is a bit more junior than a barrister
c. the professional qualification of solicitor is higher than the one of a barrister
d. Barristers can be distinguished from a solicitor because they wear a wig and gown in court
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
He ______ be rich. He never has any money.
Выберите один ответ:
a. can’t
b. could
c. may not
d. must
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
a sum of money that you owe somebody
Выберитеодинответ:
a. obligation
b. credit
c. duty
d. debt
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
a system or occasion of secret voting:
Выберите один ответ:
a. polling
b. vote
c. ballot
d. division
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text “English Criminal Law” and choose the right variant according to the text:
A crime according to the doctrine of the Common Law, is made up of an outward act and the state of mind of the criminal. He must have a guilty mind or mens rea, in addition to committing the physical act which is forbidden. This doctrine of mens rea is still of importance, particularly in some Common Law crimes, but in many statutory crimes it has ceased to be of much significance. Every crime, it may be said, has its own kind of guilty mind. This clearly exists if the intention is to commit the criminal act, knowing it to be such. But every person is taken to intend the probable consequences of his act and so a person who treats another so violently that he jumps out of a window to escape and is killed by the fall is guilty of murder. Sometimes mens rea may take the form of negligence or mental inadvertence, as in manslaughter by neglect. This phrase doesn’t imply that murder can be committed only if it is premeditated. An act is said in the criminal law to be done maliciously if it is done intentionally without a just cause for excuse.
What is a crime as the doctrine of the Common Law says?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. it’s an illegal act
b. it’s the state of mind of the criminal
c. it’s both committing the physical act which is forbidden and the guilty mind of the criminal
d. it’s an outward act
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
_______ you lend me some money, please?
Выберите один ответ:
a. Could
b. Must
c. Will
d. Shall
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
_________ in Central Africa, the explorers got acquainted with the customs of its peoples
Выберите один ответ:
a. Being travelled
b. Travelled
c. Travelling
d. Having travelled
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
He _________ this case even if he ________ .
Выберитеодинответ:
a. is taking; are asking
b. wouldn’t have taken; weren’t asked
c. took; were asked
d. will take; will ask
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
The maximum penalty for the offence is a $1000 _______ .
Выберитеодинответ:
a. parole
b. probation
c. fine
d. community service
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Ournewfurniture ______ yet.
Выберите один ответ:
a. wasn’t delivered
b. must be delivered
c. hasn’t been delivered
d. isn’t delivered
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What is . “intent”?
Выберите один ответ:
a. ответственность
b. преступный умысел
c. нечестный поступок
d. нелегальная деятельность
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text “English Criminal Law” and choose the right variant according to the text:
A crime according to the doctrine of the Common Law, is made up of an outward act and the state of mind of the criminal. He must have a guilty mind or mens rea, in addition to committing the physical act which is forbidden. This doctrine of mens rea is still of importance, particularly in some Common Law crimes, but in many statutory crimes it has ceased to be of much significance. Every crime, it may be said, has its own kind of guilty mind. This clearly exists if the intention is to commit the criminal act, knowing it to be such. But every person is taken to intend the probable consequences of his act and so a person who treats another so violently that he jumps out of a window to escape and is killed by the fall is guilty of murder. Sometimes mens rea may take the form of negligence or mental inadvertence, as in manslaughter by neglect. This phrase doesn’t imply that murder can be committed only if it is premeditated. An act is said in the criminal law to be done maliciously if it is done intentionally without a just cause for excuse.
What does the word combination “manslaughter by neglect” mean?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. deliberate and intentional killing
b. unplanned wrongdoing
c. not deliberate or considered; unintentional killing
d. innocent offense
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Ты напрасно сделала это упражнение.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. You mustn’t have done this exercise.
b. You didn’t have to do this exercise.
c. You didn’t need to do this exercise.
d. You needn’t have done this exercise.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
She said _________ if my mother __________ me to spend a moth with them.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. was pleased; allows
b. would be pleased; allowed
c. would have been pleased; would allow
d. will be pleased; will allow
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Должно быть они не приняли никаких мер вовремя.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. They might have taken no measures in time.
b. They must have taken no measures in time.
c. They might not take no measures in time.
d. They must not take no measures in time.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What can be referred to legal systems of the world?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. civil law system, common law system
b. common law system, religious system, customary law system
c. customary law system, mixed systems, socialist law system
d. civil law system, common law system, religious system, customary law system, mixed systems, socialist law system
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
_______ you study, you’ll fail the test.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. Unless
b. Provided that
c. If
d. As long as
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What is “a plea bargain”?
Выберите один ответ:
a. мольба о признании невиновности
b. заявление подсудимого
c. сделка о признании вины
d. жалобанасделку
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
I couldn’t take my car. It _______ .
Выберитеодинответ:
a. was being repaired
b. are being repaired
c. has been repaired
d. was repaired
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Provided you ______ still, the bee won’t sting you.
Выберите один ответ:
a. stayed
b. would stay
c. will stay
d. stay
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text “English Criminal Law” and choose the right variant according to the text:
A crime according to the doctrine of the Common Law, is made up of an outward act and the state of mind of the criminal. He must have a guilty mind or mens rea, in addition to committing the physical act which is forbidden. This doctrine of mens rea is still of importance, particularly in some Common Law crimes, but in many statutory crimes it has ceased to be of much significance. Every crime, it may be said, has its own kind of guilty mind. This clearly exists if the intention is to commit the criminal act, knowing it to be such. But every person is taken to intend the probable consequences of his act and so a person who treats another so violently that he jumps out of a window to escape and is killed by the fall is guilty of murder. Sometimes mens rea may take the form of negligence or mental inadvertence, as in manslaughter by neglect. This phrase doesn’t imply that murder can be committed only if it is premeditated. An act is said in the criminal law to be done maliciously if it is done intentionally without a just cause for excuse.
What does the Latin expression “mens rea” mean?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. a particular burglar
b. any smuggler
c. an innocent person
d. a guilty mind
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
He hasn’t left the office ______ .
Выберите один ответ:
a. just
b. before
c. yet
d. already
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
hat is “бремядоказывания” in English?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. burden of proof
b. guilty plea
c. plea bargain
d. probable cause
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Должно быть, они не обедали.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. They must have had no dinner.
b. They must have no dinner.
c. They might have had no dinner.
d. They might have no dinner.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
someone whose job is to advise people about laws, write formal documents or represent people in court
Выберите один ответ:
a. a jurist
b. a lawyer
c. a legal adviser
d. a solicitor
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
______ I speak to Mr. Shaw, please.
Выберите один ответ:
a. May
b. Might
c. Am able to
d. Must
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Не может быть, чтобы он не получил моего письма.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. He can never have got my letter.
b. He couldn’t get my letter.
c. He can never get my letter.
d. He could never have got my letter.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
In Russia charges against the President can be brought by _______ .
Выберитеодинответ:
a. the Deputy Chairman.
b. the Government.
c. the State Duma the Government.
d. the Rime-Minister
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What is “liability”?
Выберите один ответ:
a. обязательство
b. лояльность
c. долг
d. ответственность
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
But for his sore throat he _______ at the meeting.
Выберите один ответ:
a. will speak
b. would have spoken
c. is speaking
d. spoke
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
My bag _____ yesterday.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. stole
b. was stolen
c. had been stolen
d. is stolen
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Все слова в тексте были настолько хорошо мне знакомы, что мне незачем было пользоваться словарём.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. All the words in the text were so well known to me that I did not need to use a dictionary.
b. All the words in the text were so well known to me that I needn’t have used a dictionary.
c. All the words in the text were so well known to me that I need not use a dictionary.
d. All the words in the text were so well known to me that I did not have to use a dictionary.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Вы, должно быть, с ним уже поговорили. Я вижу, вы всё знаете.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. You might a have already spoken to him. I see you know everything.
b. You must already have spoken to him. I see you know everything.
c. You must already speak to him. I see you know everything.
d. You are already to speak to him. I see you know everything.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
I wish I _______ how to drive a car in 1975.
Выберите один ответ:
a. know
b. knew
c. am knowing
d. had known
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
the party that starts or carries out civil proceedings. It is usually a private citizen or a company.
Выберите один ответ:
a. a plaintiff
b. a defendant
c. a neighbour
d. an owner
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
an official court decision on the case
Выберитеодинответ:
a. verdict
b. sentence
c. estimation
d. judgment
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
But for the accident he ______ a record.
Выберите один ответ:
a. would have set
b. will have set
c. sets
d. has set
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
But for her voice she _____ a good actress.
Выберите один ответ:
a. is
b. was
c. would be
d. will be
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What kind of punishments given below is not available to the courts?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. community service
b. overtime work
c. a fine
d. probation
d) term of imprisonment
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
If it ______ all the same to me, I _________ with you.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. would be; would have come and talked
b. will be; wouldn’t come and talk
c. is; came and talked
d. had been; wouldn’t have come and talked
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Civil law is a law __________to the rights and duties of individuals, organizations, and associations (such as companies, trade unions, and charities) as opposed to criminal law. 2.
Выберите один ответ:
a. beingrelated
b. relating
c. related
d. having related
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Russiais __________.
Выберите один ответ:
a. a constitutional monarchy.
b. parliamentary republic.
c. a presidential republic.
d. a totalitarian republic.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
The book is not on the shelf. Jane _____ itnow.
Выберите один ответ:
a. can read
b. may read
c. must read
d. must be reading
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Each of the documents _____ countersigned.
Выберите один ответ:
a. was
b. arebeing
c. were being
d. were
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
She has three diplomas, _____ she is very young. She _____ studied very hard.
Выберите один ответ:
a. nevertheless, --
b. although, must have
c. in spite of, might have
d. though, can’t have
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text (P. 92-93) and complete the sentences and answer the questions according to the text: For electoral purposes Britain is divided into _______ .
Выберите один ответ:
a. differentareas
b. 543 electoral districts of roughly equal size
c. five electoral groups along continental lines instead of oceanic divisions for the purposes of election to the Executive Council.
d. parliamentary constituencies.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
he studied his face in the mirror. He ____ to get a shave and a shower, and if he could, a sleep, before he ____ back to the hospital.
Выберите один ответ:
a. had, went
b. must, goes
c. wanted, will go
d. ought, would go
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
All of a sudden he realized the full force of what he ______ .
Выберите один ответ:
a. hadbeentold
b. had been being told
c. has said
d. had told
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
It ___ that we _____ to prevent cancer soon.
Выберите один ответ:
a. is thinking, are
b. is thought, shall be able
c. was thought, must
d. thinks, shall be able
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Father ____ wait ___- me this morning, I can go to town in George’s car.
Выберите один ответ:
a. doesn’tneed, for
b. mustn’t, --
c. needn’t, for
d. shouldn’t, to
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Each of the projects _________ properly by the Chief Executive Officer, but neither of them ___________.
Выберите один ответ:
a. had considered; are approved
b. was considered; was approved
c. were considered; were approved
d. have considered; had been approved
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text (P. 92-93) and complete the sentences and answer the questions according to the text: The essence of common law is_______.
Выберите один ответ:
a. the courts’ constitutional role is simply to divine and give effect to parliament’s intention
b. the law that was developed by the three common Laws at Westminster
c. that law is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent to the facts before them
d. to be a successful instrument of social control.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
The ring is lovely, thank you. But you ____ all that money.
Выберите один ответ:
a. needn’tspend
b. shouldn’t have spent
c. mustn’t have spent
d. can’t spend
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Can’t you see? You _____ , that’s all.
Выберите один ответ:
a. are being made a fool of
b. are making a fool
c. made a fool of
d. had made a fool of
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text (P. 92-93) and complete the sentences and answer the questions according to the text: The constitution of the United Kingdom is made up of _________ .
Выберите один ответ:
a. seven articles, delineates the national frame of government
b. a variety of different sources
c. constitutional conventions and various elements of statutory law
d. decisions of courts, political practices and the treaties that form the EU.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
She had an uncomfortable feeling that she _______ and it pleased her.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. was looking at
b. was being looked at
c. is looked at
d. is looked at
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
In Russia the power to impeach the President is vested in …
Выберите один ответ:
a. theStateDuma.
b. the Federation Council.
c. both Cambers of the parliament
d. the Constitutional Court.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Judges have different titles ________ on their experience, training and level.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. depending
b. having depended
c. being depended
d. depended
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
The police _____ that the door was open. It ____ open. I had locked it myself and the key was in my pocket.
Выберите один ответ:
a. said, can’tbe
b. says, couldn’t have been
c. has said, couldn’t be
d. say, can’t have been
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What is Civil Law?
Выберите один ответ:
a. A type of legal system, often synonymous with “English common law”, which is the system of England and Wales in the UK.
b. It is the legal foundation on which normal business dealings are conducted.
c. The most widespread legal system of the world, applied in various forms in approximately 150 countries.
d. The law which governs the conduct of independent nations in their relationships
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
_____ the coffe4, he lit a cigarette, ______ how unsteady his hand ______ .
Выберите один ответ:
a. finished, noticed, was
b. On finishing, having been notices, was
c. Finishing , noticing, was
d. having finished, having noticed, is
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What branch of the US Government has the responsibility to carry out the law?
Выберите один ответ:
a. the executive branch
b. the judicial branch
c. the independent branch
d. the legislative branch
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
“It’s a sad story. We ____ to be married, but he _____ in a car crash.”
Выберите один ответ:
a. wanted, killed
b. are going, has been killed
c. were, was killed
d. ought, was killed
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
The manuscript _______ in the 15-th century.
Выберите один ответ:
a. was believed must have written
b. believed to be written
c. has believed to have been written
d. is believed to have been written
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What does the Constitution of the USA consist of?
Выберите один ответ:
a. a Preamble, seven Articles, twenty seven Amendments
b. one hundred and thirty seven articles
c. a Preamble, ten Articles, thirty Amendments
d. statutes, customs, constitutional conventions
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Task to the text (P.123) something (such as a judgment) which has happened earlier than the present and which can be a guide to what should be done in the present case.
Выберите один ответ:
a. legalprecedent
b. previous example
c. prior case
d. preceding model
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
You _________ about such things in the child’s presence. Now you see the results.
Выберите один ответ:
a. didn’t have to say
b. must say
c. shouldn’t have said
d. should say
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
If they had been warned in tome, they _________ there by now.
Выберите один ответ:
a. havetobe
b. mustn’t be
c. should have been
d. must be
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text (P. 92-93) and complete the sentences and answer the questions according to the text: General elections take place on _______ .
Выберите один ответ:
a. PollingDay
b. Sunday
c. weekend
d. a Thursday
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Has your brother returned from London today? – I don’t know, I ----- him, I left for work very early today.
Выберите один ответ:
a. can’thaveseen
b. may not have seen
c. didn’t use to see
d. must not have seen
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
The Parliament Of Russian federation consists of …
Выберите один ответ:
a. the senate and the chamber of Representatives
b. several committees.
c. two chambers.
d. one branch only.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
You ____ the house from there if it had not been so dark.
Выберите один ответ:
a. couldhaveseen
b. would be able to see
c. could see
d. must have seen
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
How many legal systems are there in the world
Выберите один ответ:
a. morethan 300
b. more than 100
c. about 200
d. much more than 200
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
She telephoned to know where the meeting ______ .
Выберите один ответ:
a. mightbeheld
b. would be held
c. will be held
d. would hold
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
_________ about the existing legal systems we should mention the international law as a comparatively new legal community.
Выберите один ответ:
a. Spoken
b. Having spoken
c. Being spoken
d. Speaking
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
She has taught at a school in the north of England and at two schools in Germany, and _____ to be an excellent teacher.
Выберите один ответ:
a. isbelieved
b. had been believed
c. has believed
d. is believing
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
The Prime Minister _____ at three o’clock. But he didn;I turn up till five.
Выберите один ответ:
a. wasexpecting
b. had expected
c. was being except
d. was expected
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Thank you. You took good care of little Tom while we were away. I realize that he was not always as good a boy as he _______.
Выберите один ответ:
a. mighthavebeen
b. ought be
c. must have been
d. should to be
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What sort of research ______ , and who will be doing it?
Выберите один ответ:
a. willbedone
b. will have done
c. will be being done
d. has done
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Nancy looked displeased and ____ me she ______ to fetch the breakfast tray.
Выберите один ответ:
a. told, had been sent
b. told to, had sent
c. said to, has been sent
d. said, was sent
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text (P. 92-93) and complete the sentences and answer the questions according to the text: The United Kingdom’s supreme legislative body is _______ .
Выберите один ответ:
a. TheUKParliament
b. The UK Congress
c. The UK Senate
d. The House of Lords
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
The Security Council of Russia is headed by …
Выберите один ответ:
a. the Procurator-General.
b. the Prime Minister.
c. the President.
d. the Head the Higher Arbitration Court
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
How many branches is the US Government in the United States divided into?
Выберите один ответ:
a. four
b. five
c. two
d. three two
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
You can see that this glass ____ .
Выберите один ответ:
a. hasused
b. has been used
c. has been being used
d. is using
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
.(Task to the text P.123) group of people or military troops who attack foreign territories in order to join them to their lands.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. conquerors
b. winners
c. invaders
d. enemies
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Even nowadays one can see that a top hat ______ at weddings.
Выберите один ответ:
a. is often wearing
b. is sometimes being wearing
c. has worn
d. is sometimes worn
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
She _____ me and then I could have helped her.
Выберите один ответ:
a. musthavetold
b. may tell
c. should have told
d. should tell
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What does the US judicial branch do?
Выберите один ответ:
a. interprets and applies US laws
b. selects, supports and implements laws
c. executes, enforces and administers laws
d. makes and passes laws
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Peter ___ in Australia yet. He left only last week.
Выберите один ответ:
a. hadn’tarrived
b. mustn’t have arrived
c. can’t have arrived
d. can’t arrive
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Должно быть, она не имела опыта.
Выберите один ответ:
a. She mustn’t have any experience.
b. She must have had no experience.
c. She might have had no experience.
d. She must have no experience.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Who gets money by threatening to disclose personal information?
Выберите один ответ:
a. robber
b. burglar
c. gambler
d. blackmailer
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Ты мог бы остаться дома хотя бы на один вечер.
Выберите один ответ:
a. You may stay at home for a night.
b. You might have stayed at home for a night.
c. You might stay at home for a night.
d. You could stay at home for a night.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
If you ________ me, I _________ you safely through.
Выберите один ответ:
a. had trusted; couldn’t have led
b. trusted; led
c. hadn’t trusted; lead
d. will trust; am leading
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Должно быть, он не дал ответа.
Выберите один ответ:
a. He might give no answer.
b. He mustn’t give any answer.
c. He might have given no answer.
d. He must have given no answer.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What is not the difference between tort law and criminal law?
Выберите один ответ:
a. thepurposes
b. the outcomes
c. the parties involved
d. the standard of proof
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
She _________ how to behave if she ______ a born lady.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. would have known; were
b. knows; hadn’t been
c. wouldn’t have known; had been
d. knew; would be
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Is it a crime to have more than one wife at the same time?
Выберите один ответ:
a. It’s not the crime at all.
b. It’s not the crime but it’s immoral.
c. It depends upon the country
d. It’s wrongdoing but depends upon person’s culture and nurture.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Someone _________ if she ________ the letter.
Выберите один ответ:
a. might notice ; will open
b. have noticed; would open
c. might be noticed; open
d. might have noticed; had opened
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Are the standards of proof the same in a criminal case and in a civil one?
Выберите один ответ:
a. Yes, they are same.
b. The standards of proof are higher in a criminal case than in a civil one.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Он вышел из воды, улыбаясь. «Тебе бы следовало выйти раньше», - сказала она.
Выберите один ответ:
a. He came out of the water, smiling. “You should come earlier,” she said.
b. He came out of the water, smiling. “You should have come earlier,” she said.
c. He came out of the water, smiling. “You might come earlier,” she said.
d. He came out of the water, smiling. “You must have come earlier,” she said.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Can he have told the truth then?
Выберите один ответ:
a. Так неужели он сказал правду?
b. Может, он сказал правду?
c. Тогда он сказал правду?
d. Может он говорить правду?
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
I wish today ________ a holiday.
Выберите один ответ:
a. willbe
b. was
c. were
d. would be
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Наверняка он не сделал ни одной ошибки.
Выберите один ответ:
a. He must make no mistake.
b. He might not make a mistake.
c. He must have made no mistake.
d. He might have made any mistake.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
I don’t believe that they didn’t recognize you. They ___________ you.
Выберите один ответ:
a. needn’t have failed to recognize
b. can’t have failed to recognize
c. mightn’t have failed to recognize
d. mustn’t have failed to recognize
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
I don’t believe it. He _________ the letter but the signature is certainly not his.
Выберите один ответ:
a. wasn’t able to write
b. can have written
c. has to write
d. must have written
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
If he ________ us that himself I never _________ that.
Выберите один ответ:
a. would tell; wouldn’t believe
b. tell; will believe
c. is telling; believe
d. hadn’t told; wouldn’t have believed
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Choose the right translation of “reasonable grounds”
Выберите один ответ:
a. достаточные основания
b. отмена решения суда
c. заявление о своей невиновности
d. наличиеболеевескихдоказательств
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
The state of being kept as a prisoner in one’s own house, rather than in a prison
Выберите один ответ:
a. parole
b. house arrest
c. suspended sentence
d. probation
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What’s the focus of tort law?
Выберите один ответ:
a. what the victim can do about the financial harm the victim has suffered
b. to provide some basic protection to society from clearly ant-social acts
c. to decide if a person is a criminal and, if so, how the person should be punished
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Are there any acts which are considered to be crimes in one country but not in another?
Выберите один ответ:
a. No, because all the human societies have similar laws based on human nature.
b. The question has no answer because it is put up incorrectly
c. Yes, because rules or laws are the agreements between the society and the state , so the agreements may vary in different societies and the states
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Все слова в тексте были хорошо знакомы, и им незачем было пользоваться словарём. Это только отняло у них больше времени.
Выберите один ответ:
a. All the words in the text were quite familiar to them and they needn’t have used the dictionary. It took them more time.
b. All the words in the text were quite familiar to them and they mustn’t have used the dictionary. It had taken them more time.
c. All the words in the text were quite familiar to them and they needn’t use the dictionary. It has taken them more time.
d. All the words in the text were quite familiar to them and they didn’t have to use the dictionary. Ittookthemmoretime.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Вам не нужно было так торопиться; нужно было быть здесь не раньше пяти
Выберите один ответ:
a. You needn’t have hurried so much; you were to be here not before 5.
b. You needn’t hurry so much; you are to be here not before 5.
c. You mustn’t have hurried so much; you need to be here not before 5.
d. You don’t have hurried so much; you might be here not before 5.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What relations doesn’t Civil Legislation regulate?
Выберите один ответ:
a. inviolability of property
b. property relations based on administrative or other governmental subordination of one party to another
c. relations between persons engaged in entrepreneurial activities
d. inalieable human rights and freedoms and other nonmaterial values
e. the freedom of contract
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
You are leaving for the airport. You can’t find your passport. You say: “I wish I _______ my passport.”
Выберите один ответ:
a. mustfind
b. could find
c. could have find
d. could have found
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
________ damages are awarded to punish a wrongdoer.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. Compensatory
b. Ordinary
c. Punitive
d. Monetary
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Тебе надо было прочесть своё сочинение ещё раз, там, должно быть есть ошибки.
Выберите один ответ:
a. You must have read your composition once more, there must be some mistakes.
b. You should have read your composition once more, there must be some mistakes.
c. You should have read your composition once more, there must have been mistakes.
d. You were to read your composition once more, there might have been mistakes.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Он не должен был так грубо разговаривать. Это могло обидеть её.
Выберите один ответ:
a. He wasn’t able to speak so rudely. It could hurt her feelings.
b. He mustn’t have spoken so rudely. It might hurt her feelings.
c. He needn’t have spoken so rude. It could have hurt her feelings.
d. He shouldn’t have spoken so rudely. It might have hurt her feelings.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text “Criminal Procedure”(p. 283-285) and choose the right variant according to the text:
PRETRIALSTAGE.
A criminal case passes through several phases before trial. At the first stage the crime is reported and investigated. Then, if there is “probable cause”, i.e. reasonable grounds (something more than mere suspicion to believe that a particular person committed the crime)the person can be arrested. An arrest warrant is necessary unless the pressure of time requires immediate action (e.g. before the suspect flees). Finally, criminal charges must be lodged against the defendant. Depending on the state, the charges are called either an indictment (by a grand jury) or information (by a magistrate or police officer).They must be based on probable cause, preponderance of evidence, or prosecutor’s evidence that supports a belief in the defendant’s guilt. In the USA most cases are resolved without a trial. Attorneys for the defence and prosecution usually reach a plea bargain. The judge must decide whether the guilty plea was freely given and whether there was some factual basis for the plea, but judicial disapproval of an agreed upon plea is rare.
BURDEN OF PROOF.
At the trial there is crucial difference between criminal and civil cases in the level of proof required. A civil plaintiff merely needs a preponderance of the evidence; the judge only needs to find that the evidence favours the plaintiff over the defendant. A successful criminal prosecution requires proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecuting counsel opens the case with a short description of the events of the crime and calls his witnesses. After taking an oath by the witness the prosecuting counsel begins his examination by asking the witness his/her name, profession, place of domicile. In English law, witnesses are not allowed to make lengthy statements to the court. It is the duty of the attorneys for both parties to examine and cross-examine witnesses.
THE ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS.
The session is opened by the court called to order by the Clerk of the Court. The judge enters. The clerk says: “All rise”. Everyone stands up and waits for the judge to take his seat. The accused is brought into the dock and the clerk asks for his or her name. The accused answers with the appropriate plea. In English law a person is innocent until proven guilty. This means that in a trial the burden of proof is on the prosecution and if the prosecution cannot establish a reasonable cause for conviction the court must acquit the accused. Both the defence and prosecution give their closing arguments, the prosecution going first. The judge sums up the evidence and instructs the jury on their duties. He reminds the jury that if there is any doubt at all in 285 their minds they must acquit the defendant. The jury retires to the jury room to consider the verdict. The verdict “not guilty” does not necessarily mean that the judge or jury believe the defendant to be innocent. It is simply a finding that there was insufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
EVIDENCE.
Criminal trial courts have numerous, complex rules about what evidence is admissible, and how it may be introduced. The rules are supposed to exclude irrelevant, unreliable, or unfairly prejudicial matters, especially in jury cases (the system presupposes that a judge is less likely to be swayed by improper evidence). The jury’s verdict is to be based solely on the evidence properly brought out at the trial. Otherwise proper, highly relevant evidence may be excluded because it was obtained in violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights. Criminal appeals are often decided on such so-called technical issues.
APPEALS.
The appeal is a petition for review of a case that has been decided by a court of law. The petition made to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court’s decision. The specific procedures for appealing can vary greatly depending on the type of case and jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted. The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but it is possible for the prosecution to appeal for a retrial. Appellate courts cannot overturn a verdict simply because they disagree with it — e.g., with how the jury weighed the evidence and decided to believe one witness more than another witness. Appeals tend to focus on problems in the trial, judge’s legal ruling, the instructions to the jury, and the trial procedures, not simply in the judge’s factual interpretations.
There is a special order of proceedings and the session starts with …
Выберите один ответ:
a. interpreting the law
b. the prosecutor’s statement.
c. the appropriate plea of the accused
d. the defence opening speech.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Она не должна была закрывать окно так быстро, надо было проветрить комнату получше.
Выберите один ответ:
a. She mustn’t close the window so quickly, she must have aired the room a bit better.
b. She shouldn’t have closed the window so quickly, she should have aired the room a bit better.
c. She mustn’t have closed the window so quickly, she should air the room a bit better.
d. She isn’t to have closed the window so quickly, the room should have been aired better.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
But for the heat I _______ working in this country.
Выберите один ответ:
a. wouldn’thaveliked
b. liked
c. would like
d. will like
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
The message _________ in time as we received an immediate answer.
Выберите один ответ:
a. might not have been delivered
b. must have been delivered
c. might not have been delivered
d. can’t have been delivered
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
owned by a person or company and sold under a trademark or patent
Выберите один ответ:
a. defenсe
b. proprietary
c. obligations
d. equality
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What is “hacking”?
Выберите один ответ:
a. It’s taking control of an aircraft or other vehicle during a journey, especially using violence
b. It’s harassment
c. It’s unauthorized access to personal data
d. It’s assault
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
How do we name a person who takes things from a shop without paying?
Выберите один ответ:
a. burglar
b. thief
c. cleptomaniac
d. shoplifter
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
We had a wonderful time at the party. You ______ there.
Выберите один ответ:
a. should have been
b. must have been
c. should be
d. shouldn’t have been
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
There are many specific torts, such as_________ , assault and negligence.
Выберите один ответ:
a. trespass
b. negligence
c. harm
d. battery
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text. Replace the Russian word in brackets with the English equivalents given in the box:
Types of Damages
injunctive relief, compensatory damages, defendant’s actions, lost income, to recover, bad faith, malice, punitive damages, temporary restraining orders, plaintiff
In most tort cases, the ______ (истец) is seeking damages (i.e. money). Generally speaking, there are two major categories of damages a plaintiff can _______ (взыскать убытки) in a personal injury case: (i) ________ (компенсаторные убытки) and (ii) punitive damages. “Compensatory damages” are designed to “compensate” the plaintiff for what the plaintiff has lost or endured (e.g. medical bills, lost wages, _______ (упущенная выгода), physical pain and suffering and mental/emotional pain and suffering) as the result of the _______ (действий ответчика). ________ (Денежное возмещение в виде наказания ответчика) are designed to punish the defendant for his actions. However, punitive damages are only awarded in extraordinary situations where the plaintiff proved that the defendant acted with (злой умысел) or intent — negligence is not enough. The law permits punitive damages in order to discourage similar acts in the future by the same defendant or other persons. Punitive damages are usually awarded in cases involving fraud, _______ (недобросовестность) or intentional acts. Some tort cases also seek what the law calls _______ (судебный запрет). Injunctive relief involves a court order requiring or preventing the defendant from doing or continuing to do a certain act. This type of relief includes such things as _______ (временный судебный запрет) and permanent injunctions. A plaintiff can request both injunctive relief as well as monetary damages in the same lawsuit.
Выберите один ответ:
a. plaintiff; recover; compensatory damages; lost income; defendant’s actions; punitive damages; malice; bad faith; injunctive relief; temporary restraining orders;
b. plaintiff; malice; bad faith; injunctive relief; temporary restraining orders; plaintiff; recover; compensatory damages; lost income; defendant’s actions; punitive damages
c. plaintiff; recover; compensatory damages; lost income; defendant’s actions; punitive damages; injunctive relief; temporary restraining orders; malice; bad faith;
d. plaintiff ;injunctive relief; temporary restraining orders; recover; compensatory damages; lost income; defendant’s actions; punitive damages; malice; bad faith
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
But for the grandmother’s operation they ______ .
Выберите один ответ:
a. willgo
b. would have gone
c. have gone
d. went
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Он, должно быть письма не получал.
Выберите один ответ:
a. He mustn’t receive the letter.
b. He mustn’t got the letter.
c. He mightn’t receive the letter.
d. He must have never got the letter.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Вчера был его день рождения. Ты бы хоть открытку ему послал.
Выберите один ответ:
a. It was his birthday yesterday. You must have sent him a birthday card.
b. It was his birthday yesterday. You should send him a birthday card.
c. It was his birthday yesterday. You should have sent him a birthday card.
d. It was his birthday yesterday. You might send him a birthday card.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What kind of punishment requires the offender to do a certain amount of unpaid work usually for a social institution such as a hospital
Выберите один ответ:
a. probation
b. restricting freedom
c. community service
d. parole
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Не может быть, чтобы никто не заметил, как он сделал это.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. Nobody can have seen him do it.
b. Nobody had been able to see him do it.
c. Nobody was able to see him do it.
d. Nobody can see him do it.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What is a smuggler ?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. Someone who kills a famous or important person usually for political reasons or in exchange for money
b. Someone who takes things or people to or from a place secretly and often illegally
c. Someone who secretly takes money that is in your care or that belongs to an organization or business you work for:
d. A person who illegally enters buildings and steals things
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Physical punishment, such as flogging or beating
Выберитеодинответ:
a. corporal punishment
b. jail
c. probation
d. imprisonment
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
She _________ there even though she_______ to walk all the way.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. have gone; had had
b. would have gone; had
c. didn’t go; didn’t have
d. will go; will have
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What’s the essential difference between Civil and Criminal procedures?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. Civil actions are started by private individuals, companies or organizations and Criminal procedures are started mainly by the state.
b. Criminal and civil cases are usually heard in different courts.
c. Juries are always used in civil cases as well as in criminal ones.
d. Criminal and civil procedures are so different that they can’t be compared and there is no use in searching difference between them.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What kind of punishment requires the offender to do a certain amount of unpaid work usually for a social institution such as a hospital
Выберитеодинответ:
a. restricting freedom
b. parole
c. probation
d. community service
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Неужели ты не помнишь, что я сказал? Тебе бы следовало слушать более внимательно.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. You can’t remember what I said, you should have listened more carefully.
b. You can’t remember what I said, you should listen more carefully.
c. You can’t remember what I said, you must have listened more carefully.
d. You can’t remember what I said, you might listen more carefully.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text “Criminal Procedure”(p. 283-285) and choose the right variant according to the text:
PRETRIALSTAGE.
A criminal case passes through several phases before trial. At the first stage the crime is reported and investigated. Then, if there is “probable cause”, i.e. reasonable grounds (something more than mere suspicion to believe that a particular person committed the crime)the person can be arrested. An arrest warrant is necessary unless the pressure of time requires immediate action (e.g. before the suspect flees). Finally, criminal charges must be lodged against the defendant. Depending on the state, the charges are called either an indictment (by a grand jury) or information (by a magistrate or police officer).They must be based on probable cause, preponderance of evidence, or prosecutor’s evidence that supports a belief in the defendant’s guilt. In the USA most cases are resolved without a trial. Attorneys for the defence and prosecution usually reach a plea bargain. The judge must decide whether the guilty plea was freely given and whether there was some factual basis for the plea, but judicial disapproval of an agreed upon plea is rare.
BURDEN OF PROOF.
At the trial there is crucial difference between criminal and civil cases in the level of proof required. A civil plaintiff merely needs a preponderance of the evidence; the judge only needs to find that the evidence favours the plaintiff over the defendant. A successful criminal prosecution requires proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecuting counsel opens the case with a short description of the events of the crime and calls his witnesses. After taking an oath by the witness the prosecuting counsel begins his examination by asking the witness his/her name, profession, place of domicile. In English law, witnesses are not allowed to make lengthy statements to the court. It is the duty of the attorneys for both parties to examine and cross-examine witnesses.
THE ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS.
The session is opened by the court called to order by the Clerk of the Court. The judge enters. The clerk says: “All rise”. Everyone stands up and waits for the judge to take his seat. The accused is brought into the dock and the clerk asks for his or her name. The accused answers with the appropriate plea. In English law a person is innocent until proven guilty. This means that in a trial the burden of proof is on the prosecution and if the prosecution cannot establish a reasonable cause for conviction the court must acquit the accused. Both the defence and prosecution give their closing arguments, the prosecution going first. The judge sums up the evidence and instructs the jury on their duties. He reminds the jury that if there is any doubt at all in 285 their minds they must acquit the defendant. The jury retires to the jury room to consider the verdict. The verdict “not guilty” does not necessarily mean that the judge or jury believe the defendant to be innocent. It is simply a finding that there was insufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
EVIDENCE.
Criminal trial courts have numerous, complex rules about what evidence is admissible, and how it may be introduced. The rules are supposed to exclude irrelevant, unreliable, or unfairly prejudicial matters, especially in jury cases (the system presupposes that a judge is less likely to be swayed by improper evidence). The jury’s verdict is to be based solely on the evidence properly brought out at the trial. Otherwise proper, highly relevant evidence may be excluded because it was obtained in violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights. Criminal appeals are often decided on such so-called technical issues.
APPEALS.
The appeal is a petition for review of a case that has been decided by a court of law. The petition made to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court’s decision. The specific procedures for appealing can vary greatly depending on the type of case and jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted. The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but it is possible for the prosecution to appeal for a retrial. Appellate courts cannot overturn a verdict simply because they disagree with it — e.g., with how the jury weighed the evidence and decided to believe one witness more than another witness. Appeals tend to focus on problems in the trial, judge’s legal ruling, the instructions to the jury, and the trial procedures, not simply in the judge’s factual interpretations.
Appellate courts exist to …
Выберитеодинответ:
a. soften a severe punishment.
b. correct errors in the application of the law
c. impose a more severe punishment.
d. find the defendant guilty.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Most torts involve, in some part, the doctrine of “__________.”
Выберите один ответ:
a. damage
b. negligence
c. failure
d. restriction
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
May civil rights be limited?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. No, in no case
b. Civil law rights may be limited on the basis of federal law and only to the extent that is necessary for definite purposes
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
I ________ grateful if you ________ the news to yourself.
Выберите один ответ:
a. would be; kept
b. wouldn’t be; would keep
c. will be; didn’t keep
d. was; will keep
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Ему не к чему было вдаваться в подробности: это всё равно не помогло.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. He didn’t have to go into detail: it didn’t help at all.
b. He needn’t go into detail: it didn’t help at all.
c. He needn’t have gone into detail: it didn’t help at all.
d. He mustn’t have gone into detail: it didn’t help at all.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text “Criminal Procedure”(p. 283-285) and choose the right variant according to the text:
PRETRIALSTAGE.
A criminal case passes through several phases before trial. At the first stage the crime is reported and investigated. Then, if there is “probable cause”, i.e. reasonable grounds (something more than mere suspicion to believe that a particular person committed the crime)the person can be arrested. An arrest warrant is necessary unless the pressure of time requires immediate action (e.g. before the suspect flees). Finally, criminal charges must be lodged against the defendant. Depending on the state, the charges are called either an indictment (by a grand jury) or information (by a magistrate or police officer).They must be based on probable cause, preponderance of evidence, or prosecutor’s evidence that supports a belief in the defendant’s guilt. In the USA most cases are resolved without a trial. Attorneys for the defence and prosecution usually reach a plea bargain. The judge must decide whether the guilty plea was freely given and whether there was some factual basis for the plea, but judicial disapproval of an agreed upon plea is rare.
BURDEN OF PROOF.
At the trial there is crucial difference between criminal and civil cases in the level of proof required. A civil plaintiff merely needs a preponderance of the evidence; the judge only needs to find that the evidence favours the plaintiff over the defendant. A successful criminal prosecution requires proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecuting counsel opens the case with a short description of the events of the crime and calls his witnesses. After taking an oath by the witness the prosecuting counsel begins his examination by asking the witness his/her name, profession, place of domicile. In English law, witnesses are not allowed to make lengthy statements to the court. It is the duty of the attorneys for both parties to examine and cross-examine witnesses.
THE ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS.
The session is opened by the court called to order by the Clerk of the Court. The judge enters. The clerk says: “All rise”. Everyone stands up and waits for the judge to take his seat. The accused is brought into the dock and the clerk asks for his or her name. The accused answers with the appropriate plea. In English law a person is innocent until proven guilty. This means that in a trial the burden of proof is on the prosecution and if the prosecution cannot establish a reasonable cause for conviction the court must acquit the accused. Both the defence and prosecution give their closing arguments, the prosecution going first. The judge sums up the evidence and instructs the jury on their duties. He reminds the jury that if there is any doubt at all in 285 their minds they must acquit the defendant. The jury retires to the jury room to consider the verdict. The verdict “not guilty” does not necessarily mean that the judge or jury believe the defendant to be innocent. It is simply a finding that there was insufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
EVIDENCE.
Criminal trial courts have numerous, complex rules about what evidence is admissible, and how it may be introduced. The rules are supposed to exclude irrelevant, unreliable, or unfairly prejudicial matters, especially in jury cases (the system presupposes that a judge is less likely to be swayed by improper evidence). The jury’s verdict is to be based solely on the evidence properly brought out at the trial. Otherwise proper, highly relevant evidence may be excluded because it was obtained in violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights. Criminal appeals are often decided on such so-called technical issues.
APPEALS.
The appeal is a petition for review of a case that has been decided by a court of law. The petition made to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court’s decision. The specific procedures for appealing can vary greatly depending on the type of case and jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted. The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but it is possible for the prosecution to appeal for a retrial. Appellate courts cannot overturn a verdict simply because they disagree with it — e.g., with how the jury weighed the evidence and decided to believe one witness more than another witness. Appeals tend to focus on problems in the trial, judge’s legal ruling, the instructions to the jury, and the trial procedures, not simply in the judge’s factual interpretations.
At the final stage …
Выберитеодинответ:
a. the suspected person must be taken into custody.
b. the jury have no time to deliberate and decides on your guilt or innocence
c. criminal charges must be brought against somebody.
d. the suspected person must be arrested by the police.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text “Criminal Procedure”(p. 283-285) and choose the right variant according to the text:
PRETRIALSTAGE.
A criminal case passes through several phases before trial. At the first stage the crime is reported and investigated. Then, if there is “probable cause”, i.e. reasonable grounds (something more than mere suspicion to believe that a particular person committed the crime)the person can be arrested. An arrest warrant is necessary unless the pressure of time requires immediate action (e.g. before the suspect flees). Finally, criminal charges must be lodged against the defendant. Depending on the state, the charges are called either an indictment (by a grand jury) or information (by a magistrate or police officer).They must be based on probable cause, preponderance of evidence, or prosecutor’s evidence that supports a belief in the defendant’s guilt. In the USA most cases are resolved without a trial. Attorneys for the defence and prosecution usually reach a plea bargain. The judge must decide whether the guilty plea was freely given and whether there was some factual basis for the plea, but judicial disapproval of an agreed upon plea is rare.
BURDEN OF PROOF.
At the trial there is crucial difference between criminal and civil cases in the level of proof required. A civil plaintiff merely needs a preponderance of the evidence; the judge only needs to find that the evidence favours the plaintiff over the defendant. A successful criminal prosecution requires proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecuting counsel opens the case with a short description of the events of the crime and calls his witnesses. After taking an oath by the witness the prosecuting counsel begins his examination by asking the witness his/her name, profession, place of domicile. In English law, witnesses are not allowed to make lengthy statements to the court. It is the duty of the attorneys for both parties to examine and cross-examine witnesses.
THE ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS.
The session is opened by the court called to order by the Clerk of the Court. The judge enters. The clerk says: “All rise”. Everyone stands up and waits for the judge to take his seat. The accused is brought into the dock and the clerk asks for his or her name. The accused answers with the appropriate plea. In English law a person is innocent until proven guilty. This means that in a trial the burden of proof is on the prosecution and if the prosecution cannot establish a reasonable cause for conviction the court must acquit the accused. Both the defence and prosecution give their closing arguments, the prosecution going first. The judge sums up the evidence and instructs the jury on their duties. He reminds the jury that if there is any doubt at all in 285 their minds they must acquit the defendant. The jury retires to the jury room to consider the verdict. The verdict “not guilty” does not necessarily mean that the judge or jury believe the defendant to be innocent. It is simply a finding that there was insufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
EVIDENCE.
Criminal trial courts have numerous, complex rules about what evidence is admissible, and how it may be introduced. The rules are supposed to exclude irrelevant, unreliable, or unfairly prejudicial matters, especially in jury cases (the system presupposes that a judge is less likely to be swayed by improper evidence). The jury’s verdict is to be based solely on the evidence properly brought out at the trial. Otherwise proper, highly relevant evidence may be excluded because it was obtained in violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights. Criminal appeals are often decided on such so-called technical issues.
APPEALS.
The appeal is a petition for review of a case that has been decided by a court of law. The petition made to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court’s decision. The specific procedures for appealing can vary greatly depending on the type of case and jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted. The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but it is possible for the prosecution to appeal for a retrial. Appellate courts cannot overturn a verdict simply because they disagree with it — e.g., with how the jury weighed the evidence and decided to believe one witness more than another witness. Appeals tend to focus on problems in the trial, judge’s legal ruling, the instructions to the jury, and the trial procedures, not simply in the judge’s factual interpretations.
At the first stage of a criminal case before trial …
Выберитеодинответ:
a. the police collect evidence
b. the crime is reported and investigated.
c. the suspect may pay the bail amount in exchange for a release
d. the suspected person must be interviewed by the police.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Read the text “Criminal Procedure”(p. 283-285) and choose the right variant according to the text:
PRETRIALSTAGE.
A criminal case passes through several phases before trial. At the first stage the crime is reported and investigated. Then, if there is “probable cause”, i.e. reasonable grounds (something more than mere suspicion to believe that a particular person committed the crime)the person can be arrested. An arrest warrant is necessary unless the pressure of time requires immediate action (e.g. before the suspect flees). Finally, criminal charges must be lodged against the defendant. Depending on the state, the charges are called either an indictment (by a grand jury) or information (by a magistrate or police officer).They must be based on probable cause, preponderance of evidence, or prosecutor’s evidence that supports a belief in the defendant’s guilt. In the USA most cases are resolved without a trial. Attorneys for the defence and prosecution usually reach a plea bargain. The judge must decide whether the guilty plea was freely given and whether there was some factual basis for the plea, but judicial disapproval of an agreed upon plea is rare.
BURDEN OF PROOF.
At the trial there is crucial difference between criminal and civil cases in the level of proof required. A civil plaintiff merely needs a preponderance of the evidence; the judge only needs to find that the evidence favours the plaintiff over the defendant. A successful criminal prosecution requires proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecuting counsel opens the case with a short description of the events of the crime and calls his witnesses. After taking an oath by the witness the prosecuting counsel begins his examination by asking the witness his/her name, profession, place of domicile. In English law, witnesses are not allowed to make lengthy statements to the court. It is the duty of the attorneys for both parties to examine and cross-examine witnesses.
THE ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS.
The session is opened by the court called to order by the Clerk of the Court. The judge enters. The clerk says: “All rise”. Everyone stands up and waits for the judge to take his seat. The accused is brought into the dock and the clerk asks for his or her name. The accused answers with the appropriate plea. In English law a person is innocent until proven guilty. This means that in a trial the burden of proof is on the prosecution and if the prosecution cannot establish a reasonable cause for conviction the court must acquit the accused. Both the defence and prosecution give their closing arguments, the prosecution going first. The judge sums up the evidence and instructs the jury on their duties. He reminds the jury that if there is any doubt at all in 285 their minds they must acquit the defendant. The jury retires to the jury room to consider the verdict. The verdict “not guilty” does not necessarily mean that the judge or jury believe the defendant to be innocent. It is simply a finding that there was insufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
EVIDENCE.
Criminal trial courts have numerous, complex rules about what evidence is admissible, and how it may be introduced. The rules are supposed to exclude irrelevant, unreliable, or unfairly prejudicial matters, especially in jury cases (the system presupposes that a judge is less likely to be swayed by improper evidence). The jury’s verdict is to be based solely on the evidence properly brought out at the trial. Otherwise proper, highly relevant evidence may be excluded because it was obtained in violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights. Criminal appeals are often decided on such so-called technical issues.
APPEALS.
The appeal is a petition for review of a case that has been decided by a court of law. The petition made to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court’s decision. The specific procedures for appealing can vary greatly depending on the type of case and jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted. The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but it is possible for the prosecution to appeal for a retrial. Appellate courts cannot overturn a verdict simply because they disagree with it — e.g., with how the jury weighed the evidence and decided to believe one witness more than another witness. Appeals tend to focus on problems in the trial, judge’s legal ruling, the instructions to the jury, and the trial procedures, not simply in the judge’s factual interpretations.
The verdict “not guilty” means that … .
Выберитеодинответ:
a. the jury considers the defendant to be innocent.
b. the defendant is acquitted
c. that you've never done anything bad in life
d. there was insufficient evidence to prove the guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Perhaps it was true, I am not sure. She ________ to tell you the truth.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. needn’t have been ashamed
b. may have been ashamed
c. can’t have been ashamed
d. must have been ashamed
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Зря ты сел на этот поезд.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. You didn’t have to catch this train.
b. You mustn’t have caught this train.
c. You needn’t have caught this train.
d. You needn’t catch this train.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
The most severe of all sentences: that of death. Also known as the death penalty
Выберите один ответ:
a. capital punishment
b. suspended sentence
c. corporal punishment
d. imprisonment
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
I wish I _______ how to drive a car.
Выберите один ответ:
a. have known
b. will have known
c. will know
d. knew
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
There is no corporal punishment in _________.
Выберите один ответ:
a. Russia
b. Zimbabwe
c. Malaysia
d. Pakistan
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Я нигде не могу найти свою сумку. – Может, вы оставили её в магазине?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. I can’t find my bag. – You may left it in the shop.
b. I can’t find my bag. – You might leave it in the shop.
c. I can’t find my bag. – You might have left it in the shop.
d. I can’t find my bag. – You may be leaving it in the shop.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
_______the bad road we would have come long before.
Выберите один ответ:
a. Provided
b. Unless
c. But for
d. If
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Она, должно быть не старалась сделать это правильно.
Выберитеодинответ:
a. She must take no trouble to do it correctly.
b. She must have taken no trouble to do it correctly.
c. She might not have taken any trouble to do it correctly.
d. She might take no trouble to do it correctly.
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Choose the right transcription for the word “entrepreneurial”
Выберите один ответ:
a. [entreprinj´uriəl]
b. [entrepre´neurial]
c. [͵ͻntrəprə́́́́́nə:riəl]
d. [´entre´prenijurial]
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
Неужели он не заметил вас вчера?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. Can he have failed to notice you yesterday?
b. Didn’t he see you yesterday?
c. Could he fail to notice you yesterday?
d. Haven’t he noticed you yesterday?
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
What remedy can’t be in the civil cases?
Выберитеодинответ:
a. an injunction to restrain certain actions
b. damages
c. restitution
d. capital punishment
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ
to identify a suspect
Выберитеодинответ:
a. опознать подозрительного человека
b. узнать преступника
c. установить личность подозреваемого
d. выразить подозрение
СМОТРЕТЬ ОТВЕТ